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No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECD's fastest growing economies during the 1990s, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s. Long-term concerns include climate-change issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer and more frequent droughts, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. Location Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean WebCam   Geographic Coordinates 27 00 S, 133 00 E Area - comparative slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states Coast line 0 km Climate 25,760 km Terrain Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Natural Resources Australia mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast Irrigated land bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum Total Renewable Water Resources 25,450 sq km (2003) Natural Hazards 398 cu km (1995) Environment Currentissues cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires Geography Note soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water resources Population Australia world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world Population growth rate 21,515,754 (July 2010 est.) Birth Rate 1.171% (2010 est.) Death Rate 12.39 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Netmigration Rate 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate 6.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate 1.78 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 0.2% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths fewer than 100 (2007 est.) Religions white 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% Languages Catholic 25.8%, Anglican 18.7%, Uniting Church 5.7%, Presbyterian and Reformed 3%, Eastern Orthodox 2.7%, other Christian 7.9%, Buddhist 2.1%, Muslim 1.7%, other 2.4%, unspecified 11.3%, none 18.7% (2006 Census) Education Expenditures English 78.5%, Chinese 2.5%, Italian 1.6%, Greek 1.3%, Arabic 1.2%, Vietnamese 1%, other 8.2%, unspecified 5.7% (2006 Census) Government Type 4.5% of GDP (2005) Administrative Divisions federal parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm Independence 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia National Holiday Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island, Norfolk Island Constitution 1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies) Legal System Australia Day, 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorated as the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915) Suffrage 9 July 1900; effective on 1 January 1901 Legislative Branch based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations Political Partie Sand Leaders 18 years of age; universal and compulsory Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general) International Organization Participation Australian Democrats [Julia MELLAND]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal Party [Terry MILLS]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]; Liberal Party [Tony ABBOTT]; The Nationals [Warren TRUSS] Flag Description ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Economy Overview blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron ore, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project, will significantly expand the resources sector. Australia also has a large services sector and is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Key tenets of Australia's trade policy include support for open trade and the successful culmination of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, particularly for agriculture and services. The Australian economy grew for 17 consecutive years before the global financial crisis. Subsequently, the Rudd government introduced a fiscal stimulus package worth over US$50 billion to offset the effect of the slowing world economy, while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut interest rates to historic lows. These policies - and continued demand for commodities, especially from China - helped the Australian economy rebound after just one quarter of negative growth. The economy grew by 1.5% during the first three quarters of 2009 - the best performance in the OECD. Unemployment, originally expected to reach 8-10%, peaked at 5.7% in late 2009 and fell to 5.3% by February 2010. As a result of an improved economy, the budget deficit is expected to peak below 4.2% of GDP and the government could return to budget surpluses as early as 2015. The Australian financial system remained resilient throughout the financial crisis and Australian banks have rebounded. Australia was one of the first advanced economies to raise interest rates - three times since October 2009 - and the government removed the wholesale funding guarantee for financial institutions in March 2010. During 2010, the government will focus on raising Australia's economic productivity, managing the symbiotic, but sometimes tense, economic relationship with China, passing emissions trading legislation, and dealing with other climate-related issues such as drought and devastating bushfires. Australia is engaged in the Trans-Pacific Partnership talks and ongoing free trade agreement negotiations with China and Japan. GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $824.3 billion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate $930.8 billion (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) 1% (2009 est.) Labor Force $38,800 (2009 est.) Unemployment Rate 11.44 million (2009 est.) Population Below Poverty Line 5.7% (2009 est.) Distribution Of Family Income NA% Unvestment Gross Fixed 30.5 (2006) Inflation Rrate 27.3% of GDP (2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate 18.6% of GDP (2009 est.) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate 1.9% (2009 est.) Stock Of Money 3.75% (31 March 2010) Stock Of Quasi Money 8.91% (31 December 2008) Stock Of Domestic Credit $NA (31 December 2008) Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares $NA (31 December 2008) Agriculture - Products $NA (31 December 2008) Industries $NA (31 December 2008) Industrial Production Growth Rate wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry Electricity Production mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Electricity Consumption -5.8% (2009 est.) Electricity Exports 239.9 billion kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Imports 222 billion kWh (2007 est.) Oil Production 0 kWh (2008 est.) Oil Consumption 0 kWh (2008 est.) Oil Exports 586,400 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Imports 953,700 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 332,400 bbl/day (2008 est.) Natural Gas Production 687,200 bbl/day (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Exports 45.22 billion cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Imports 34.2 billion cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves 19.48 billion cu m (2008 est.) Current Account Balance 5.377 billion cu m (2008 est.) Exports 849.5 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Exports Commodities -$33.31 billion (2009 est.) Exports Partners $161.5 billion (2009 est.) Imports coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment Imports Commodities Japan 22.2%, China 14.6%, South Korea 8.2%, India 6.1%, US 5.5%, NZ 4.3%, UK 4.2% (2008) Imports Partners $160.9 billion (2009 est.) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products Debt - External China 15.4%, US 12.1%, Japan 9.1%, Singapore 7%, Germany 5.1%, Thailand 4.5%, UK 4.4%, Malaysia 4.1% (2008) Radio Broadcast Stations $920 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Television Broadcast Stations $282.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Internet Country Code $209.4 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Airports 22.12 million (2008) Military Service Age and Obligation 15.17 million (2008)

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