Chad. Ballpoint Pens, Rollerball Pens,Cartridges, Fountain Pens.

Pen Ink City Abéché Pen Ink City Adé Pen Ink City Adré Pen Ink City Am Timan Pen Ink City Aouzou Pen Ink City Ati Pen Ink City Bardaï Pen Ink City Bébidjia Pen Ink City Beinamar Pen Ink City Bénoy Pen Ink City Béré Pen Ink City Biltine Pen Ink City Bitkine Pen Ink City Bokoro Pen Ink City Bol Pen Ink City Bongor Pen Ink City Bousso Pen Ink City Doba Pen Ink City Dourbali Pen Ink City Fada Pen Ink City Faya Pen Ink City Fianga Pen Ink City Gaoui Pen Ink City Goundi Pen Ink City Gounou Gaya Pen Ink City Goz Beïda Pen Ink City Guélengdeng Pen Ink City Guéréda Pen Ink City Kélo Pen Ink City Koro Toro Pen Ink City Koumra Pen Ink City Kyabé Pen Ink City Laï Pen Ink City Léré Pen Ink City Linia Pen Ink City Mao Pen Ink City Massaguet Pen Ink City Massakory Pen Ink City Massenya Pen Ink City Moïssala Pen Ink City Mongo Pen Ink City Moundou Pen Ink City Moussoro Pen Ink City N'Djamena Pen Ink City Ngama Pen Ink City Ouara Pen Ink City Oum Hadjer Pen Ink City Pala Pen Ink City Sarh Pen Ink City Zouar England Description Chad Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and the rebels. In 2005, new rebel groups emerged in western Sudan and made probing attacks into eastern Chad despite signing peace agreements in December 2006 and October 2007. Power remains in the hands of an ethnic minority. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant rebel threat in early 2008. Location Central Africa, south of Libya   Geographic Coordinates 15 00 N, 19 00 E Area - comparative slightly more than three times the size of California Coast line 0 km (landlocked) Climate none (landlocked) Terrain Chad tropical in south, desert in north Natural Resources Chad broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south Irrigated land petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt Total Renewable Water Resources 300 sq km (2003) Natural Hazards 43 cu km (1987) Environment Currentissues hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues Geography Note inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification Population Chad landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel Population growth rate 10,543,464 (July 2010 est.) Birth Rate 2.038% (2010 est.) Death Rate 40.12 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Netmigration Rate 15.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate -3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate 5.18 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 3.5% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths 14,000 (2007 est.) Religions Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census) Languages Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census) Education Expenditures French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects Government Type 1.9% of GDP (2005) Administrative Divisions republic Independence 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira National Holiday 11 August 1960 (from France) Constitution Independence Day, 11 August (1960) Legal System passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits Suffrage based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Legislative Branch 18 years of age; universal Political Partie Sand Leaders unicameral National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the 1996 constitution called for a Senate that has never been formed Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire KOUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE] International Organization Participation rebel groups Flag Description ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy Overview three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. At least 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves - estimated at 1 billion barrels - in southern Chad. Chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and are currently building a 300-km pipleline and the country's first refinery. The nation's total oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion barrels. Oil production came on stream in late 2003. Chad began to export oil in 2004. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $16.26 billion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate $7.056 billion (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) -1% (2009 est.) Labor Force $1,600 (2009 est.) Unemployment Rate 4.293 million (2007) Population Below Poverty Line NA% est.) Distribution Of Family Income 80% (2001 est.) Unvestment Gross Fixed 14.9% of GDP (2009 est.) Inflation Rrate 6% (2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate 4.75% (31 December 2008) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate NA% (31 December 2008) Stock Of Money $NA (31 December 2008) Stock Of Quasi Money $NA (31 December 2008) Stock Of Domestic Credit $NA (31 December 2008) Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares $NA Agriculture - Products cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels Industries oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials Industrial Production Growth Rate 1.5% (2009 est.) Electricity Production 100 million kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Consumption 93 million kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Exports 0 kWh (2008 est.) Electricity Imports 0 kWh (2008 est.) Oil Production 127,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Consumption 1,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Exports 157,900 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil Imports 1,571 bbl/day (2007 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Production 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Exports 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Imports 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Current Account Balance -$1.843 billion (2009 est.) Exports $3.164 billion (2009 est.) Exports Commodities oil, cattle, cotton, gum arabic Exports Partners US 90.1%, Taiwan 2.9%, Japan 2.2% (2008) Imports $2.115 billion (2009 est.) Imports Commodities machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles Imports Partners France 17.6%, Cameroon 14.8%, China 9.9%, Ukraine 9.6%, US 7.7%, Germany 5.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Netherlands 4% (2008) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold $820 million (31 December 2009 est.) Debt - External $1.6 billion (2005 est.) Radio Broadcast Stations $NA Television Broadcast Stations Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 481.35 (2009), 447.81 (2008), 480.1 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005) Internet Country Code 13,000 (2008) Airports 1 (2001) Military Service Age and Obligation oil 250 km (2009)

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