China. Ballpoint Pens, Rollerball Pens,Cartridges, Fountain Pens.

Pen Ink City Anshan Pen Ink City Banqiao Pen Ink City Baoding Pen Ink City Baotou Pen Ink City Beijing Pen Ink City Benxi Pen Ink City Changchun Pen Ink City Changsha Pen Ink City Changzhou Pen Ink City Chengdu Pen Ink City Chiayi Pen Ink City Chongqing Pen Ink City Dalian Pen Ink City Daqing Pen Ink City Datong Pen Ink City Fushun Pen Ink City Fuxin Pen Ink City Fuzhou Pen Ink City Guangzhou Pen Ink City Guiyang Pen Ink City Handan Pen Ink City Hangzhou Pen Ink City Harbin Pen Ink City Hefei Pen Ink City Hohhot Pen Ink City Hong Kong Pen Ink City Hsinchu Pen Ink City Huai'an Pen Ink City Huainan Pen Ink City Jilin City Pen Ink City Jinan Pen Ink City Jinzhou Pen Ink City Jixi Pen Ink City Kaohsiung Pen Ink City Keelung Pen Ink City Kunming Pen Ink City Lanzhou Pen Ink City Liuzhou Pen Ink City Luoyang Pen Ink City Mudanjiang Pen Ink City Nanchang Pen Ink City Nanjing Pen Ink City Nanning Pen Ink City Ningbo Pen Ink City Pingdingshan Pen Ink City Qingdao Pen Ink City Qiqihar Pen Ink City Shangqiu Pen Ink City Shantou Pen Ink City Shenyang Pen Ink City Shenzhen Pen Ink City Shijiazhuang Pen Ink City Suzhou Pen Ink City Taichung Pen Ink City Tainan Pen Ink City Taipei Pen Ink City Taiyuan Pen Ink City Tangshan Pen Ink City Taoyuan Pen Ink City Tianjin Pen Ink City Ürümqi Pen Ink City Weifang Pen Ink City Wuhan Pen Ink City Wuxi Pen Ink City Xi'an Pen Ink City Xiangfan Pen Ink City Xining Pen Ink City Xinzhuang Pen Ink City Xuzhou Pen Ink City Yantai Pen Ink City Yichang Pen Ink City Yichun Pen Ink City Zaozhuang Pen Ink City Zhangjiakou Pen Ink City Zhanjiang Pen Ink City Zhengzhou Pen Ink City Zhonghe Pen Ink City Zibo England Description China For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. China since the early 1990s has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations. Location Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam WebCam   Geographic Coordinates 35 00 N, 105 00 E Area - comparative slightly smaller than the US Coast line 14,500 km Climate extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Terrain China mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east Natural Resources China coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest) Irrigated land 545,960 sq km (2003) Total Renewable Water Resources 2,829.6 cu km (1999) Natural Hazards frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence Environment Currentissues air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species Geography Note world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak Population China 1,330,141,295 (July 2010 est.) Population growth rate 0.494% (2010 est.) Birth Rate 12.17 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Death Rate 6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Netmigration Rate -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate 1.54 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate 0.1% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 700,000 (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths Han Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uyghur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Korean, and other nationalities 8.5% (2000 census) Religions Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%, Muslim 1%-2% Languages Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Education Expenditures 1.9% of GDP (1999) Government Type Communist state Administrative Divisions 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural) Independence 221 BC (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China); 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established) National Holiday Anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October (1949) Constitution most recent promulgation 4 December 1982 with amendments in 1988, 1993, 2004 Legal System based on civil law system; derived from Soviet and continental civil code legal principles; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Legislative Branch unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,987 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and People's Liberation Army to serve five-year terms) Political Partie Sand Leaders Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's Congress); Local People's Courts (comprise higher, intermediate, and basic courts); Special People's Courts (primarily military, maritime, railway transportation, and forestry courts) Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders no substantial political opposition groups exist International Organization Participation ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UN Security Council, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Flag Description red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China Economy Overview China's economy during the past 30 years has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade to a more market-oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy. Reforms started in the late 1970s with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, the foundation of a diversified banking system, the development of stock markets, the rapid growth of the non-state sector, and the opening to foreign trade and investment. Annual inflows of foreign direct investment rose to nearly $108 billion in 2008. China has generally implemented reforms in a gradualist or piecemeal fashion. In recent years, China has re-invigorated its support for leading state-owned enterprises in sectors it considers important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive national champions. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, China in July 2005 revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. Cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar since the end of the dollar peg was more than 20% by late 2008, but the exchange rate has remained virtually pegged since the onset of the global financial crisis. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2009 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income. The Chinese government faces numerous economic development challenges, including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic demand through increased corporate transfers and a strengthened social safety net; (b) sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants and new entrants to the work force; (c) reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and (d) containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation. Economic development has been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior, and approximately 200 million rural laborers and their dependents have relocated to urban areas to find work. One demographic consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. In 2006, China announced that by 2010 it would decrease energy intensity 20% from 2005 levels. In 2009, China announced that by 2020 it would reduce carbon intensity 40% from 2005 levels. The Chinese government seeks to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, and is focusing on nuclear and other alternative energy development. In 2009, the global economic downturn reduced foreign demand for Chinese exports for the first time in many years. The government vowed to continue reforming the economy and emphasized the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make China less dependent on foreign exports for GDP growth in the future. GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $8.789 trillion (2009 est.) GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $4.814 trillion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate 8.7% (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) $6,600 (2009 est.) Labor Force 812.7 million (2009 est.) Unemployment Rate 4.3% (September 2009 est.) Population Below Poverty Line 2.8% (2007) Distribution Of Family Income 41.5 (2007) Unvestment Gross Fixed 42.6% of GDP (2009 est.) Inflation Rrate 18.2% of GDP (2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate -0.8% (2009 est.) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate 2.79% (31 December 2008) Stock Of Money 5.31% (31 December 2008) Stock Of Quasi Money $2.434 trillion (31 December 2008) Stock Of Domestic Credit $4.523 trillion (31 December 2008) Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares $5.555 trillion (31 December 2008) Agriculture - Products $2.794 trillion (31 December 2008 est.) Industries rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish Industrial Production Growth Rate mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites Electricity Production 8.1% (2009 est.) Electricity Consumption 3.451 trillion kWh (2008 est.) Electricity Exports 3.438 trillion kWh (2008 est.) Electricity Imports 16.64 billion kWh (2008) Oil Production 3.842 billion kWh (2008) Oil Consumption 3.795 million bbl/day (2008) Oil Exports 7.999 million bbl/day (2008) Oil Imports 388,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 4.393 million bbl/day (2008) Natural Gas Production 15.55 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 76.1 billion cu m (2008) Natural Gas Exports 80.7 billion cu m (2008) Natural Gas Imports 3.34 billion cu m (2008) Natural Gas Proved Reserves 4.44 billion cu m (2008) Current Account Balance 2.46 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Exports $296.2 billion (2009 est.) Exports Commodities $1.194 trillion (2009 est.) Exports Partners electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel, optical and medical equipment Imports US 17.7%, Hong Kong 13.3%, Japan 8.1%, South Korea 5.2%, Germany 4.1% (2008) Imports Commodities $921.5 billion (2009 est.) Imports Partners electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics, organic chemicals Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold Japan 13.3%, South Korea 9.9%, Taiwan 9.2%, US 7.2%, Germany 4.9% (2008) Debt - External $2.206 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) Radio Broadcast Stations $576.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Television Broadcast Stations $227.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Internet Country Code Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar - 6.8249 (2009), 6.9385 (2008), 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006), 8.1943 (2005) Airports AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998) Military Service Age and Obligation 482 (2009)

Copyright © 2010-2011 Pen Ink