Cote d'Ivoire. Ballpoint Pens, Rollerball Pens,Cartridges, Fountain Pens.

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In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (CoR) in December 2005. After the election, Ibrahim al-JAAFARI was selected as prime minister; he was replaced by Nuri al-MALIKI in May 2006. The CoR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. On 31 January 2009, Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all provinces except for the three provinces comprising the Kurdistan Regional Government and at-Ta'mim (Kirkuk) province. Location Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait   Geographic Coordinates 33 00 N, 44 00 E Area - comparative slightly more than twice the size of Idaho Coast line 58 km Climate mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Terrain Cote d'Ivoire mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey Natural Resources Cote d'Ivoire petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur Irrigated land 35,250 sq km (2003) Total Renewable Water Resources 96.4 cu km (1997) Natural Hazards dust storms; sandstorms; floods Environment Currentissues government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification Geography Note strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf Population Cote d'Ivoire 29,671,605 (July 2010 est.) Population growth rate 2.449% (2010 est.) Birth Rate 29.41 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Death Rate 4.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Netmigration Rate NA Total Fertility Rate 3.76 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate less than 0.1% (2001 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids fewer than 500 (2003 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5% Religions Muslim 97% (Shia 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3% Languages Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Turkoman (a Turkish dialect), Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic), Armenian Education Expenditures NA Government Type parliamentary democracy Administrative Divisions 18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah) and 1 region*; Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah), An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Kirkuk, Kurdistan Regional Government*, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit Independence 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi-controlled Government National Holiday Republic Day, July 14 (1958); note - the Government of Iraq has yet to declare an official national holiday but still observes Republic Day Constitution ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum) Legal System based on European civil and Islamic law under the framework outlined in the Iraqi Constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Legislative Branch unicameral Council of Representatives (325 seats; consisting of 317 members elected by a closed-list, proportional representation system and 8 reserved for minorities; members serve four-year terms) Political Partie Sand Leaders the Iraq Constitution calls for the federal judicial power to be comprised of the Higher Judicial Council, Federal Supreme Court, Federal Court of Cassation, Public Prosecution Department, Judiciary Oversight Commission and other federal courts that are regulated in accordance with the law Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders Sunni militias; Shia militias, some associated with political parties International Organization Participation ABEDA, AFESD (suspended), AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Flag Description three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; design is based upon the Arab Liberation colors; the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag Economy Overview Decreased insurgent attacks and an improved security environment are helping to spur economic activity, particularly in the retail sector. Broader economic improvement, long-term fiscal health, and sustained increases in standard of living still depend on the government passing major policy reforms and developing Iraq's massive oil reserves. Potential foreign investors viewed Iraq with much more interest in 2009, but are still hampered by difficulties in acquiring land for projects and other regulatory impediments. Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides over 90% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings. Oil exports have returned to levels seen before Operation Iraqi Freedom and government revenues have rebounded along with global oil prices since mid-2009. Iraq is making modest progress in building the institutions needed to implement economic policy. Iraq has held serious discussions with both the IMF and World Bank for new programs that would help further strengthen Iraq's economic institutions. Some reform-minded leaders within the Iraqi government are seeking to pass laws to strengthen the economy. This legislation includes a package of laws to establish a modern legal framework for the oil sector and a mechanism to equitably divide oil revenues within the nation, although these and other important reforms are still under contentious and sporadic negotiation. Iraq's recent contracts with major oil companies have the potential to greatly expand oil revenues, but Iraq will need to upgrade its refinery and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their potential. The Government of Iraq is pursuing a strategy to gain foreign investment in Iraq's economy. This includes an amendment to the National Investment Law, multiple international trade and investment events, as well as potential participation in joint ventures with state-owned enterprises. Provincial Councils also are using their own budgets to promote and facilitate investment at the local level. The Central Bank has successfully held the exchange rate at approximately 1170 Iraqi dinar/US dollar since January 2009. Inflation has decreased consistently since 2006 as the security situation has improved. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into improved lives for ordinary Iraqis. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country. Reducing corruption and implementing structural reforms, such as bank restructuring and developing the private sector, would be important steps in this direction. GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $112 billion (2009 est.) GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $70.93 billion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate 4.3% (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) $3,600 (2009 est.) Labor Force 8.175 million (2008 est.) Unemployment Rate 15.2% (2008 est.) Population Below Poverty Line 25% (2008) Distribution Of Family Income 6.8% (2009 est.) Unvestment Gross Fixed 7% (31 December 2009) Inflation Rrate 9% (31 December 2009) Central Bank Discount Rate $26.1 billion (31 December 2008) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate $5.415 billion (31 December 2008) Stock Of Money $NA Stock Of Quasi Money $2 billion (31 July 2009 est.) Stock Of Domestic Credit wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep, poultry Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing Agriculture - Products 3.4% (2009 est.) Industries 46.39 billion kWh (2009 est.) Industrial Production Growth Rate 52 billion kWh (2009 est.) Electricity Production 0 kWh (2009 est.) Electricity Consumption 5.6 billion kWh (2009 est.) Electricity Exports 2.42 million bbl/day (2009 est.) Electricity Imports 500,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) Oil Production 1.91 million bbl/day (2009 est.) Oil Consumption 116,900 bbl/day (2009 est.) Oil Exports 115 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Oil Imports 1.88 billion cu m (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 9.454 billion cu m Natural Gas Production 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Exports 3.17 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Imports -$19.9 billion (2009 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves $38 billion (2009 est.) Current Account Balance crude oil 84%, crude materials excluding fuels, food and live animals Exports US 38.6%, India 12.2%, Italy 9.8%, South Korea 7.1% (2008) Exports Commodities $55.4 billion (2009 est.) Exports Partners food, medicine, manufactures Imports Syria 26.2%, Turkey 19.6%, US 10.6%, Jordan 6.4%, China 6% (2008) Imports Commodities $46.76 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Imports Partners $50.29 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar - 1,170 (2009), 1,176 (2008), 1,255 (2007), 1,466 (2006), 1,475 (2005) Debt - External 1.082 million (2008) Radio Broadcast Stations 55 (station frequency types NA) (2009) Television Broadcast Stations 28 (2009) Internet Country Code .iq Airports 104 (2009) Military Service Age and Obligation Iraqi Armed Forces: Iraqi Army (includes Iraqi Special Operations Force, Iraqi Intervention Force), Iraqi Navy (former Iraqi Coastal Defense Force), Iraqi Air Force (former Iraqi Army Air Corps) (2005)

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