Ethiopia. Ballpoint Pens, Rollerball Pens,Cartridges, Fountain Pens.

Pen Ink City Adama (also called Nazareth or Nazret) Pen Ink City Addis Ababa Pen Ink City Addis Alem (also called Ejersa) Pen Ink City Addis Zemen Pen Ink City Adigrat Pen Ink City Adwa Pen Ink City Agaro Pen Ink City Akaki Pen Ink City Alitena Pen Ink City Amba Mariam Pen Ink City Ambo Pen Ink City Ankober Pen Ink City Arba Minch Pen Ink City Arboye Pen Ink City Asaita] Pen Ink City Asella Pen Ink City Asosa Pen Ink City Awasa Pen Ink City Awash Pen Ink City Axum Pen Ink City Babille Pen Ink City Baco Pen Ink City Badme Pen Ink City Bahir Dar Pen Ink City Bati Pen Ink City Beica Pen Ink City Bonga Pen Ink City Chencha Pen Ink City Ciro Pen Ink City Dangila Pen Ink City Debre Berhan Pen Ink City Debre Marqos Pen Ink City Debre Tabor Pen Ink City Debre Werq Pen Ink City Debre Zebit Pen Ink City Debre Zeyit Pen Ink City Dembidolo Pen Ink City Dessie (or Dese) Pen Ink City Dila Pen Ink City Dire Dawa Pen Ink City Dolo Bay Pen Ink City Dolo Odo Pen Ink City Fiche Pen Ink City Finicha'a Pen Ink City Finote Selam Pen Ink City Gambela Pen Ink City Gelemso Pen Ink City Ghimbi Pen Ink City Goba Pen Ink City Gode Pen Ink City Gondar Pen Ink City Gongoma Pen Ink City Gore Pen Ink City Gorgora Pen Ink City Guion Pen Ink City Harar (or Harer) Pen Ink City Hayq Pen Ink City Holeta Genet Pen Ink City Humera Pen Ink City Imi Pen Ink City Irgalem Pen Ink City Jijiga Pen Ink City Jimma Pen Ink City Jinka Pen Ink City Kabri Dar Pen Ink City Kebri Mangest Pen Ink City Kombolcha Pen Ink City Konso Pen Ink City Kulubi Pen Ink City Lalibela Pen Ink City Limmu Genet Pen Ink City Maji Pen Ink City Maychew Pen Ink City Mek'ele Pen Ink City Mendi Pen Ink City Metemma Pen Ink City Metu Pen Ink City Mizan Teferi Pen Ink City Mojo Pen Ink City Mota Pen Ink City Moyale Pen Ink City Negash Pen Ink City Negele Boran (or Neghelli) Pen Ink City Nekemte Pen Ink City Shashamane Pen Ink City Shilavo Pen Ink City Shire (or Inda Selassie) Pen Ink City Sodore Pen Ink City Tippi Pen Ink City Tiya Pen Ink City Tullu Milki Pen Ink City Turmi Pen Ink City Wacca Pen Ink City Walwal Pen Ink City Werder Pen Ink City Wereta Pen Ink City Woldia Pen Ink City Wolleka Pen Ink City Wuchale Pen Ink City Yabelo Pen Ink City Yeha Pen Ink City Ziway England Description Ethiopia Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A border war with Eritrea late in the 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission remotely demarcated the border by geographical coordinates, but final demarcation of the boundary on the ground is currently on hold because of Ethiopian objections to an international commission's finding requiring it to surrender territory considered sensitive to Ethiopia. Location Eastern Africa, west of Somalia   Geographic Coordinates 8 00 N, 38 00 E Area - comparative slightly less than twice the size of Texas Coast line 0 km (landlocked) Climate none (landlocked) Terrain Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Natural Resources Ethiopia high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley Irrigated land small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower Total Renewable Water Resources 2,900 sq km (2003) Natural Hazards 110 cu km (1987) Environment Currentissues geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts Geography Note deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management Population Ethiopia landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean Population growth rate 88,013,491 Birth Rate 3.202% (2010 est.) Death Rate 43.34 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Netmigration Rate 11.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate -0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate 6.07 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 2.1% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths 67,000 (2007 est.) Religions Oromo 32.1%, Amara 30.1%, Tigraway 6.2%, Somalie 5.9%, Guragie 4.3%, Sidama 3.5%, Welaita 2.4%, other 15.4% (1994 census) Languages Christian 60.8% (Orthodox 50.6%, Protestant 10.2%), Muslim 32.8%, traditional 4.6%, other 1.8% (1994 census) Education Expenditures Amarigna 32.7%, Oromigna 31.6%, Tigrigna 6.1%, Somaligna 6%, Guaragigna 3.5%, Sidamigna 3.5%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, other 14.8%, English (major foreign language taught in schools) (1994 census) Government Type 6% of GDP (2006) Administrative Divisions federal republic Independence 9 ethnically based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali), Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples) National Holiday oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years Constitution National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991) Legal System ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995 Suffrage based on civil law; currently transitional mix of national and regional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Legislative Branch 18 years of age; universal Political Partie Sand Leaders bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation (or upper chamber responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues) (108 seats; members chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives (or lower chamber responsible for passing legislation) (547 seats; members directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms) Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed Kedir]; Arena Tigray; Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [Mulualem BESSE]; Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP; Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF; Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM; Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM [BULCHA Demeksa]; Oromo People's Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]; Somali Democratic Alliance Forces (SODAF); Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP; United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]; Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Birtukan MEDEKSA, currently imprisoned] International Organization Participation Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF; Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa] Flag Description ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Economy Overview three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on agriculture, accounting for about 45% of GDP, and 85% of total employment. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation practices. Coffee is critical to the Ethiopian economy with exports of some $350 million in 2006, but historically low prices have seen many farmers switching to qat to supplement income. The war with Eritrea in 1998-2000 and recurrent drought have buffeted the economy in particular coffee production. In November 2001, Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, and in December 2005 the IMF forgave Ethiopia's debt. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as collateral for loans. Drought struck again late in 2002, leading to a 3.3% decline in GDP in 2003. Although GDP growth has since rebounded, soaring commodity prices in 2007 and 2008 and the global economic downturn led to balance of payments pressures, partially alleviated by recent emergency funding from the IMF. GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $76.74 billion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate $34.32 billion (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) 8% (2009 est.) Labor Force $900 (2009 est.) Unemployment Rate 37.9 million (2007) Population Below Poverty Line NA% Distribution Of Family Income 38.7% (FY05/06 est.) Unvestment Gross Fixed 30 (2000) Inflation Rrate 23.1% of GDP (2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate 31.7% of GDP (2009 est.) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate 11% (2009 est.) Stock Of Money NA% Stock Of Quasi Money 8% (31 December 2008) Stock Of Domestic Credit $NA (31 December 2008) Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares $NA (31 December 2008) Agriculture - Products $NA (31 December 2008) Industries $NA Industrial Production Growth Rate cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, qat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish Electricity Production food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, chemicals, metals processing, cement Electricity Consumption 8% (2009 est.) Electricity Exports 3.46 billion kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Imports 3.13 billion kWh (2007 est.) Oil Production 0 kWh (2008 est.) Oil Consumption 0 kWh (2008 est.) Oil Exports 0 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Imports 37,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 0 bbl/day (2007 est.) Natural Gas Production 33,590 bbl/day (2007 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 430,000 bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Exports 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Imports 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves 0 cu m (2008 est.) Current Account Balance 0 cu m (2008 est.) Exports 24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Exports Commodities -$2.165 billion (2009 est.) Exports Partners $1.608 billion (2009 est.) Imports coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds Imports Commodities Germany 11.8%, Saudi Arabia 8.7%, Netherlands 8.6%, US 8.1%, Switzerland 7.7%, Italy 6.1%, China 6%, Sudan 5.5%, Japan 4.4% (2008) Imports Partners $7.315 billion (2009 est.) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles Debt - External China 16.3%, Saudi Arabia 12%, India 8.7%, Italy 6%, Japan 4.9%, US 4.5% (2008) Radio Broadcast Stations $4.229 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Television Broadcast Stations birr (ETB) per US dollar - 11.86 (2009), 9.57 (2008), 8.96 (2007), 8.69 (2006), 8.68 (2005) Internet Country Code 908,900 (2008) Airports 1 (plus 24 repeaters) (2001) Military Service Age and Obligation Ethiopia is landlocked and uses ports of Djibouti in Djibouti and Berbera in Somalia

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