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Marie Pen Ink City Tchibanga Pen Ink City Tsogni Pen Ink City Zoula England Description Gabon The region of present day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in the first centuries A.D. and Christianity became the state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th-13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. An attempt by the incumbent Georgian government to manipulate national legislative elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. New elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his National Movement party. Progress on market reforms and democratization has been made in the years since independence, but this progress has been complicated by Russian assistance and support to the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. After a series of Russian and separatist provocations in summer 2008, Georgian military action in South Ossetia in early August led to a Russian military response that not only occupied the breakaway areas, but large portions of Georgia proper as well. Russian troops pulled back from most occupied Georgian territory, but in late August 2008 Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. This action was strongly condemned by most of the world's nations and international organizations. Location Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia, with a sliver of land north of the Caucasus extending into Europe   Geographic Coordinates 42 00 N, 43 30 E Area - comparative slightly smaller than South Carolina Coast line 310 km Climate warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Terrain Gabon largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland Natural Resources Gabon timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth Irrigated land 4,690 sq km (2003) Total Renewable Water Resources 63.3 cu km (1997) Natural Hazards earthquakes Environment Currentissues air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals Geography Note strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them Population Gabon 4,600,825 (July 2010 est.) Population growth rate -0.325% (2010 est.) Birth Rate 10.7 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Death Rate 9.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Netmigration Rate -4.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate 1.44 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate less than 0.1% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 2,700 (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002 census) Religions Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Muslim 9.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census) Languages Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% Education Expenditures 3.1% of GDP (2006) Government Type republic Administrative Divisions 9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika) Independence 9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National Holiday Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 was the date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union Constitution adopted 24 August 1995 Legal System based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Legislative Branch unicameral Parliament or Parlamenti (also known as Supreme Council or Umaghlesi Sabcho) (150 seats; 75 members elected by proportional representation, 75 from single-seat constituencies; members to serve five-year terms) Political Partie Sand Leaders Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president's or chairman of the Supreme Court's recommendation); Constitutional Court; first and second instance courts Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia International Organization Participation ACCT (observer), ADB, BSEC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Flag Description white rectangle, in its central portion a red cross connecting all four sides of the flag; in each of the four corners is a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; the five-cross flag appears to date back to the 14th century Economy Overview Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed to 2.1% in 2008 following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and the economy contracted by about 7% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese and copper; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, aircraft and chemicals. Areas of recent improvement include growth in the construction, banking services, and mining sectors, but reduced availability of external investment and the slowing regional economy are emerging risks. The country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity, a growing component of its energy supplies. Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. The construction on the Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline, and the Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil and other goods. Georgia has historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, the government, since coming to power in 2004, has simplified the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption. However, the current economic downturn has eroded the tax base and led to a decline in the budget surplus and an increase in public borrowing needs. The country is pinning its hopes for renewed growth on a determined effort to continue to liberalize the economy by reducing regulation, taxes, and corruption in order to attract foreign investment, but the economy faces a more difficult investment climate both domestically and internationally. GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) $20.29 billion (2009 est.) GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $11.11 billion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate -7% (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) $4,400 (2009 est.) Labor Force 1.918 million (2007 est.) Unemployment Rate 16.4% (2009 est.) Population Below Poverty Line 31% (2006) Distribution Of Family Income 40.8 (2009) Unvestment Gross Fixed 22.3% of GDP (2009 est.) Inflation Rrate 1.5% (2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate 8% (25 December 2008) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate 22% (31 December 2009) Stock Of Money $1.077 billion (31 December 2009) Stock Of Quasi Money $1.606 billion (31 December 2008) Stock Of Domestic Credit $3.695 billion (31 December 2009) Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares $NA (31 December 2008) Agriculture - Products citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock Industries steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine Industrial Production Growth Rate -8.5% (2009 est.) Electricity Production 7.97 billion kWh (2008 est.) Electricity Consumption 6.902 billion kWh (2008 est.) Electricity Exports 628 million kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Imports 430 million kWh (2007 est.) Oil Production 977 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Consumption 14,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Exports 1,486 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Imports 16,590 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 35 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Production 8 million cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 1.73 billion cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Exports 0 cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Imports 1.72 billion cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves 8.495 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Current Account Balance -$1.85 billion (2009 est.) Exports $1.14 billion (2009 est.) Exports Commodities scrap metal, wine, mineral water, ores, vehicles, fruits and nuts Exports Partners Turkey 17.6%, Azerbaijan 13.7%, Ukraine 9%, Canada 8.8%, Armenia 8.2%, Bulgaria 7.2%, US 6.8% (2008) Imports $4.477 billion (2009 est.) Imports Commodities fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals Imports Partners Turkey 14.9%, Ukraine 10.4%, Azerbaijan 9.6%, Germany 7.9%, Russia 6.8%, US 5.7%, China 4.7%, UAE 4.4% (2008) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold $1.08 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Debt - External $3.381 billion (31 December 2009) Radio Broadcast Stations 618,000 (2008) Television Broadcast Stations 2.755 million (2008) Internet Country Code AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998) Airports 104,243 (2009) Military Service Age and Obligation Bat'umi, P'ot'i

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