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European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro. Location Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark WebCam   Geographic Coordinates 51 00 N, 9 00 E Area - comparative slightly smaller than Montana Coast line 2,389 km Climate temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind Terrain Greenland lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south Natural Resources Greenland coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land Irrigated land 4,850 sq km (2003) Total Renewable Water Resources 188 cu km (2005) Natural Hazards flooding Environment Currentissues emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive Geography Note strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea Population Greenland 82,282,988 (July 2010 est.) Population growth rate -0.061% (2010 est.) Birth Rate 8.21 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Death Rate 11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) Netmigration Rate 2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Total Fertility Rate 1.42 children born/woman (2010 est.) Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate 0.1% (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids 53,000 (2007 est.) Hiv/Aids Deaths German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) Religions Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3% Languages German Education Expenditures 4.6% of GDP (2004) Government Type second most populous country in Europe after Russia Administrative Divisions federal republic Independence 16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thuringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat) National Holiday 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991 Constitution Unity Day, 3 October (1990) Legal System 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990 Suffrage civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Legislative Branch 18 years of age; universal Political Partie Sand Leaders bicameral legislature consists of the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments sit in the Council; each has three to six votes in proportion to population and are required to vote as a block) and the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (622 seats; members elected by popular vote for a four-year term under a system of personalized proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain proportional representation and caucus recognition) Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Cem OZDEMIR]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Horst SEEHOFER]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE]; Left Party or Die Linke [Lothar BISKY and Oskar LAFONTAINE]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Sigmar GABRIEL] International Organization Participation business associations and employers' organizations; trade unions; religious, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups Flag Description ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Economy Overview three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment and benefits from a highly skilled labor force. Like its western European neighbors, Germany faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and declining net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy - where unemployment can exceed 20% in some municipalities - continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting in 2008 alone to roughly $12 billion. Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong growth in 2006 and 2007 and falling unemployment, which in 2008 reached a new post-reunification low of 7.8%. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, have helped to explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during Germany's 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. GDP grew just over 1% in 2008 and contracted roughly 5% in 2009. Germany crept out of recession in the second and third quarters of 2009, thanks largely to rebounding manufacturing orders and exports - primarily outside the Euro Zone - and relatively steady consumer demand. The German economy probably will recover to about 1.5% growth for the year 2010. However, a relatively strong euro, tighter credit markets, and an anticipated bump in unemployment could cloud Germany's medium-term recovery prospects. Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term will increase Germany's record budget deficit, which is expected to exceed 5% of GDP in 2010. The EU has given Germany until 2013 to get its consolidated budget deficit below 3% of GDP. A new constitutional amendment likewise limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016. GDP (Official Exchange Rate) $2.811 trillion (2009 est.) GDP Real Growth Rate $3.273 trillion (2009 est.) GDP Per Capita (PPP) -5% (2009 est.) Labor Force $34,100 (2009 est.) Unemployment Rate 43.51 million (2009 est.) Population Below Poverty Line 8.2% (2009 est.) Distribution Of Family Income 11% (2001 est.) Unvestment Gross Fixed 27 (2006) Inflation Rrate 18.9% of GDP (2009 est.) Central Bank Discount Rate 77.2% of GDP (2009 est.) Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate 0% (2009 est.) Stock Of Money 1.75% (31 December 2009) Stock Of Quasi Money 5.97% (31 December 2008) Stock Of Domestic Credit $NA Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares $NA Agriculture - Products $5.019 trillion (31 December 2008) Industries $NA (31 December 2008) Industrial Production Growth Rate potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry Electricity Production among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles Electricity Consumption -11% (2009 est.) Electricity Exports 593.4 billion kWh (2007 est.) Electricity Imports 547.3 billion kWh (2007 est.) Oil Production 61.7 billion kWh (2008 est.) Oil Consumption 41.67 billion kWh (2008 est.) Oil Exports 150,800 bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Imports 2.569 million bbl/day (2008 est.) Oil Proved Reserves 582,900 bbl/day (2008 est.) Natural Gas Production 2.777 million bbl/day (2008 est.) Natural Gas Consumption 276 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.) Natural Gas Exports 16.36 billion cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Imports 95.79 billion cu m (2008 est.) Natural Gas Proved Reserves 12.68 billion cu m (2008 est.) Current Account Balance 91.99 billion cu m (2008 est.) Exports 175.6 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) Exports Commodities $109.7 billion (2009 est.) Exports Partners $1.121 trillion (2009 est.) Imports machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles Imports Commodities France 10.2%, US 6.7%, Netherlands 6.7%, UK 6.6%, Italy 6.3%, Austria 6%, China 4.5%, Switzerland 4.4% (2009 est.) Imports Partners $931.3 billion (2009 est.) Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals Debt - External Netherlands 8.5%, China 8.2%, France 8.2%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.9%, UK 4.9%, Belgium 4.3%, Austria 4.3%, Switzerland 4.2% (2009 est.) Radio Broadcast Stations $5.208 trillion (30 June 2009) Television Broadcast Stations $1.021 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) Internet Country Code $1.403 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) Airports 107.245 million (2008) Military Service Age and Obligation 61.973 million (2008)

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